Comparison of full-mouth scaling and quadrant-wise scaling in the treatment of adult chronic periodontitis

Abstract In the search for the ideal treatment of periodontal disease various non-surgical techniques should be considered. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of full-mouth scaling (FMS) by clinical and microbiological parameters. 670 individuals were evaluated with 230 subjects meeting the selection criteria and were divided into two groups; 115 subjects treated with FMS and 115 treated with weekly sessions of scaling and root planning (SRP). The patient population had a mean age of 51.67 years, with moderate chronic periodontitis. Subjects were evaluated prior to treatment (T1) and 90 days after execution of therapy (T2), with regards to: probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and microbial detection for the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) and Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) by culture method and confirmed by biochemical tests. Subjects treated in the FMS group also rinsed with 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash for seven days following treatment. The results were analyzed using statistical Student's t-test and chi-square test. No statistically significant differences were observed for PD and CAL between T1 and T2 in both groups. For GI and PI significant difference was observed between the groups. For the evaluated microbial parameters was observed reduction of P.g. and P.i., but only for P.g. with a significant reduction in both groups. The full mouth scaling technique with the methodology used in this study provided improved clinical conditions and reduction of P.g. in subjects with moderate periodontitis, optimizing the time spent in the therapeutic execution.

Resumo Na busca do tratamento ideal da doença periodontal varias são técnicas não-cirúrgicas que podem ser consideradas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da técnica de desinfecção total de boca (FMD, na sigla em Inglês) por parâmetros clínicos e microbiológicos. Foram avaliados 670 indivíduos com 230 indivíduos atendendo aos critérios de seleção e divididos em dois grupos; 115 indivíduos tratados com FMD e 115 tratados com sessões semanais de raspagem e alisamento corono radicular (SRP, na sigla em Inglês). A população avaliada tinha idade média de 51,67 anos, com periodontite crônica moderada. Os sujeitos foram avaliados antes do tratamento (T1) e 90 dias após a execução da terapia (T2), quanto à profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível de inserção clínica (NIC), índice de placa (IP), índice gengival (IG) e detecção microbiana da presença de Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) e Prevotella intermedia (P.i.) por método de cultura e confirmada por testes bioquímicos. Os indivíduos tratados no grupo FMD também realizaram bochechos com clorexidina 0,12% durante sete dias após o tratamento. Os resultados foram analisados ​​utilizando o teste estatístico t de Student e o teste de qui-quadrado. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas para PS e NIC entre T1 e T2 em ambos os grupos. Para IG e IP observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos. Para os parâmetros microbianos avaliados foi observada redução de P.g. e P.i., mas apenas para P.g. com uma redução significativa em ambos os grupos. A técnica FMD com a metodologia utilizada neste estudo proporcionou condições clínicas melhoradas e redução da P.g. Em indivíduos com periodontite moderada, otimizando o tempo gasto na execução terapêutica.

Influence of glycemic control on the levels of subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes

Abstract Objective This study evaluated the influence of glycemic control on the levels and frequency of subgingival periodontal pathogens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and generalized chronic periodontitis (ChP). Material and Methods Fifty-six patients with generalized ChP and type 2 DM were assigned according to the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) into one of the following groups: HbA1c<8% (n=28) or HbA1c≥8% (n=28). Three subgingival biofilm samples from sites with probing depth (PD)<5 mm and three samples from sites with PD≥5 mm were analyzed by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the presence and levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Eubacterium nodatum, Parvimona micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp. and Prevotella intermedia. Results The mean counts of F. nucleatum ssp. were statistically significantly higher in the sites with PD≥5 mm of the HbA1c≥8% group (p<0.05). Frequencies of detection of T. forsythia, E. nodatum, P. micra and F. nucleatum ssp. were all higher in the sites with PD≥5 mm of the patients with HbA1c≥8%, compared with those of patients with HbA1c<8% (p<0.05). Frequency of detection of P. intermedia was higher in the sites with PD<5 mm of the patients with HbA1c≥8% than those of the patients with HbA1c<8% (p<0.05). Conclusions Poor glycemic control, as indicated by HbA1c≥8%, is associated with increased levels and frequencies of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of subjects with type 2 DM and ChP.

Effects of periodontal treatment on primary sjogren's syndrome symptoms

Abstract The aim of this longitudinal prospective study was to evaluate the effects of periodontal treatment on the clinical, microbiological and immunological periodontal parameters, and on the systemic activity (ESSDAI) and subjective (ESSPRI) indexes in patients with primary Sjögren’s Syndrome (pSS). Twenty-eight female patients were divided into four groups: pSS patients with or without chronic periodontitis (SCP, SC, respectively), and systemically healthy patients with or without chronic periodontitis (CP, C, respectively). Periodontal clinical examination and immunological and microbiological sample collection were performed at baseline, 30 and 90 days after nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-8 and IL-10 in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were evaluated by ELISA, as well as the expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, (Aa) Tannerella forsythia (Tf), and Treponema denticola (Td), by qPCR. Systemic activity and pSS symptoms were evaluated by ESSDAI and ESSPRI. NSPT resulted in improved periodontal clinical parameters in both SCP and CP groups (p>0.05). Pg, Aa, and Tf levels decreased after NSPT only in CP patients (p<0.05). Significantly greater levels of IL-10 in GCF were verified in both SCP and CP groups (p<0.05). SCP patients showed increased salivary flow rates and decreased ESSPRI scores after NSPT. In conclusion, NSPT in pSS patients resulted in improved clinical and immunological parameters, with no significant effects on microbiological status. pSS patients also showed increased salivary flow and lower ESSPRI scores after therapy. Therefore, it can be suggested that NSPT may improve the quality of life of pSS patients.

Microbiological effects of periodontal therapy plus azithromycin in patients with diabetes: results from a randomized clinical trial

Evidencia actual sugiere que la infección periodontal puede agravar el control de la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudiofue determinar los cambios en la frecuencia de detección de porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola y Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans en pacientes con diabetes con el uso de terapia mecánica no quirúrgica mas azitromicina en un estudio clínico controlado aleatorizado.Ciento cinco pacientes (105) con diabetes y perio -dontitis fueron asignados aleatoriamente en tres grupos: terapiamecánica mas azitromicina, terapia mecánica mas placebo y profilaxis supragingival mas azitromicina. Un análisis periodontal completo y detección de patógenos perio dontales por medio de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) se realizaron al inicio, 3, 6 y 9 meses después de la terapia pe -riodontal. La frecuencia de detección de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola y Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans disminuyó a los 3 meses en todos los grupos. La frecuencia de detección de Tannerella forsythia se incrementó a los 3 meses en todos los grupos. Todos los patógenosperiodontales mostraron una frecuencia de detección similar a los 9 meses en todos los grupos. La terapia periodontal mas azitromicina no tuvo efectos adicionales sobre la frecuencia dedetección de los patógenos periodontales investigados en pacientes diabéticos...

Presença de Candida sp. em sítios doentes e saudáveis em pacientes com periodontite crônica / Presence oi Candida sp. in diseased and healthy sites in patients with Chronic Periodontitis

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a presença de Candida sp em sítios de pacientes com Periodontite Crônica (PC) e controle, buscando correlacionar a presença deste microrganismo com a presença da doença em 13 pacientes com PC, escolhidos aleatoriamente, 7 sítios foram avaliados: 3 com PC, 3 sem PC e o dorso da língua. Também foram selecionados 7 pacientes sem doença (grupo controle). Quatro sítios foram avaliados: 3 sítios saudáveis e o dorso da língua. Nestes sítios, foram inseridos cones de papéis estéreis por 30 segundos. Na língua, o cone era passado em seu dorso 5 vezes. a exame micológico foi realizado no laboratório de micologia do Ipec/Fio-cruz. Dos 20 pacientes, 8 apresentaram fungos, sendo 6 do grupo com pc e 2 no grupo controle. Na avaliação por sítios, verificou-se que apenas 10,71% dos sítios do grupo controle e 10,99% do grupo com PC apresentaram Candida. Estas diferenças não foram significativas (p¼ 0,05). Os sítios mais afetados no grupo controle e com pc foram respectivamente a língua (66,67%) e sítios profundos (50%). Conclui-se que, embora a Candida esteja presente na cavidade bucal de pacientes com PC e saudáveis, é encontrada em proporções distintas nos diferentes sítios avaliados

The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Candida sp in sites of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and control, to correlate the presence of this microorganism with the presence of the disease. 7 sites were evaluated in 13 CP patients: 3 sites with PC, 3 sites without PC and dorsum of the tongue . 7 patients without disease (control group) were also selected; four sites were evaluated: 3 healthy sites and the dorsum of the tongue. In ali sites, sterile paper points were inserted for 30 seconds. In tongue, the point was passed 5 times. Mycological examination was performed in the laboratory of mycology of IPEC I Fiocruz. Of the 20 patients, 8 had fungi; 6 of CP group and 2 of control group. In the evaluated sites, it was found that only 10.71 % and 10.99% of control and CP groups showed Candida, respectivelv These differences were not significant (p¼ 0.05). The most affected sites in the control and CP groups were tongue (66.67 %) and deep sites (50 010), respectively. In conclusion, although the Candida is present in the oral cavity of healthy and PC patients, it is found in different proportions according to the evaluated sites

Avaliação clínica e microbiológica das técnicas de full mouth disinfection e raspagem e alisamento radicular associadas à azitromicina ou clorexidina no tratamento da periodontite crônica: ensaio clínico controlado randomizado / Clinical and microbiological analysis of full mouth disinfection and scaling and root planing per quadrant techniques associated with chlorhexidine or azithromycin in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: randomized controlled trial

O tratamento não cirúrgico da doença periodontal inclui a realização de procedimentos de instrução de higiene oral e a raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrantes (RAR). Com a finalidade de prevenir a rápida recolonização das bolsas periodontais por bactérias presentes em outros sítios intraorais, foi proposta a técnica de one stage full-mouth disinfection (FMD). De acordo com essa técnica as raspagens de todos os hemi-arcos são realizadas em 24 horas associadas à realização da descontaminação de tonsilas, mucosas, bolsas e língua com diferentes concentrações e formas de apresentação da clorexidina. Estudos revelaram dados controversos sobre a efetividade da técnica FMD, questionaram a necessidade de uso da clorexidina e, em adição propuseram o uso adjuvante de antibióticos. Neste sentido, a justificativa deste é a necessidade de estudos controlados que comparem a técnica FMD com a RAR, com as diferentes variações que podem ser aplicadas a ambos, analisando o seu impacto nos parâmetros periodontais clínicos e microbiológicos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, a efetividade da técnica FMD e sua associação com clorexidina ou azitromicina em relação à RAR associada à clorexidina e azitromicina sob uma perspectiva clínica (avaliação da profundidade de sondagem, nível clínico de inserção, índice gengival e índice de placa) e microbiana (quantificação da carga bacteriana total e das seguintes bactérias: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola e Streptococcus oralis, por meio de PCR em tempo real, nos períodos de 90 e 180 dias após o tratamento). No presente ensaio clínico controlado randomizado foram avaliados 77 indivíduos divididos em 6 grupos: FMD-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h associada à clorexidina para desinfecção de bolsas, tonsilas e mucosa ­ n= 15), FMD (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h ­ n=10), FMD-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular de todos os dentes em 24 h + azitromicina ­ n=15), RAR-AZ (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante em intervalos semanais + azitromicina ­ n=11), RAR-CX (raspagem e alisamento radicular por quadrante, em intervalos semanais + clorexidina ­ n=13), RAR (raspagem e alisamento radicular, por quadrantes, em intervalos semanais ­ n=13). Os parâmetros clínicos foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) baseado em um planejamento para medidas repetidas e teste de comparações múltiplas de médias. A carga bacteriana total e das bactérias foi avaliada intragrupo (Teste de Friedman) e intergrupos (Teste de Kruskal Wallis). O grupo FMD-CX mostrou maior redução da profundidade de sondagem e ganho do nível clínico de inserção que os demais. Além disso, esse grupo mostrou redução de carga para quatro das cinco bactérias avaliadas: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia. Os grupos que utilizaram azitromicina não mostraram melhores resultados clínicos e microbiológicos. Pode-se concluir que a utilização da clorexidina nos grupos FMD-CX e RAR-CX mostrou melhores resultados clínicos e microbiológicos. Por outro lado, a utilização da azitromicina não apresentou melhorias nesses parâmetros

The non-surgical treatment of periodontal disease involves performing procedures of oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planing per quadrant (SRP). This therapeutic approach aims to prevent rapid recolonization of bacteria in periodontal pockets in other intraoral sites, the technique of one stage full -mouth disinfection (FMD) is proposed. According to this technique the scalings of all hemi - arches are made within 24 hours associated with performing the decontamination of tonsils, mucosa, periodontal pockets and tongue with different concentrations and forms of presentation of chlorhexidine. Studies over the years have revealed controversial data on the effectiveness of the technique FMD, questioned the need to use chlorhexidine, and proposed adding the adjuvant use of antibiotics. In this sense, the justification of this research is the need for further controlled studies comparing the FMD technique with conventional quadrant scaling with differnt variations that can be applied to both, analyzing their impact on clinical and microbiological periodontal parameters. The objective of this study was to evaluate through a randomized controlled trial the effectiveness of the technique one stage full -mouth disinfection and its association with chlorhexidine or azithromycin compared to scaling and root planing per quadrant associated with chlorhexidine and azithromycin under a clinical perspective (evaluation of probing depth, clinical attachment level , gingival index and plaque index ) and microbial (assessment of the total bacterial load and the following bacteria : Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , Treponema denticola and Streptococcus oralis) through of real-time PCR , in periods of 90 and 180 days after treatment. In the present randomized controlled trial evaluated 77 individuals were divided into 6 groups : FMD-CX (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 associated with chlorhexidine for disinfection pockets, tonsils and mucosa - n = 15 ) , FMD ( scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 hours- n = 10 ) , FMD- AZ (scaling and root planing of all teeth in 24 hours + azithromycin - n = 15 ) , RAR - AZ ( scaling and root planing per quadrant at weekly intervals + azithromycinn = 11 ) , RAR - CX ( scaling and root planing per quadrant at weekly intervals + chlorhexidine - n = 13 ) , RAR ( scaling and root planing per quadrants at weekly intervals - n = 13 ) . The clinical parameters were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on a planning for repeated measures and multiple comparisons of means test. The total bacterial load and bacteria was evaluated intragroup (Friedman test) and between groups (Kruskal Wallis). The FMD- CX group showed greater reduction in probing depth and gain in clinical attachment level than the others. Moreover, this group showed reduced load for four of five surveyed bacterias: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus oralis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia. Groups using azithromycin did not show improved clinical and microbiological outcomes. It can be concluded that the use of chlorhexidine groups FMD-CX and RAR-CX showed the best clinical and microbiological results. On the other hand, the use of azithromycin did not show improvements in these parameters

The ability of the BANA test to detect different levels of P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the BANA Test to detect different levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia or their combinations in subgingival samples at the initial diagnosis and after periodontal therapy. Periodontal sites with probing depths between 5-7 mm and clinical attachment level between 5-10 mm, from 53 subjects with chronic periodontitis, were sampled in four periods: initial diagnosis (T0), immediately (T1), 45 (T2) and 60 days (T3) after scaling and root planing. BANA Test and Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization identified red complex species in the subgingival biofilm. In all experimental periods, the highest frequencies of score 2 (Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization) for P. gingivalis, T. denticola and T. forsythia were observed when strong enzymatic activity (BANA) was present (p < 0.01). The best agreement was observed at initial diagnosis. The BANA Test sensitivity was 95.54 percent (T0), 65.18 percent (T1), 65.22 percent (T2) and 50.26 percent (T3). The specificity values were 12.24 percent (T0), 57.38 percent (T1), 46.27 percent (T2) and 53.48 percent (T3). The BANA Test is more effective for the detection of red complex pathogens when the bacterial levels are high, i.e. in the initial diagnosis of chronic periodontitis.

Periodontal parameters and BANA test in patents with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the periodontal parameters of patients with chronic renal failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The periodontal status of 16 Brazilian patients aged 29 to 53 (41.7±7.2) years with chronic renal failure (CRF) and another matched group of 14 healthy controls with periodontitis was assessed clinically and microbiologically. Probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), dental plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), and dental calculus index (CI) were the clinical parameters recorded for the entire dentition (at least 19 teeth), while the anaerobic periodontopathogen colonization in four sites with the highest PPD was evaluated using the BANA test ("PerioScan"; Oral B). RESULTS: The results for the CRF group and control group, respectively were: PPD: 1.77±0.32 and 2.65±0.53; GR: 0.58±0.56 and 0.51±0.36; PLI: 1.64±0.56 and 1.24±0.67; GI: 0.64±0.42 and 0.93±0.50; CI: 1.17±0.54 and 0.87±0.52. Comparison between groups using the "t" test revealed a significantly increased PPD (p<0.001) in the control group. Comparison of the other clincial parameters by the Mann-Whitney test showed differences only for PLI, which was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the CRF group. Spearman's test applied to each group showed a positive correlation among all clinical parameters, except for GR (p<0.05). None of the groups showed any correlation between GR and GI, while a significant negative correlation between GR and PPD was observed for the CRF group. The percentage of BANA-positive sites was 35.9 percent for the CRF group and 35.7 percent for the control group. The BANA test correlated positively with PPD only in the control group and with GR only in the CRF group. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of a higher PLI and dense anaerobic microbial population even in shallow PPD, patients with CRF exhibited better periodontal conditions than periodontitis patients, which is an evidence of altered response to local irritants.

Medición de cambios cuantitativos de la microbiota subgingival posterior a la remoción de placa bacteriana supragingival / Measurement of quantitative changes of the microbiota subgingival after to removal of bacterial plaque supragingival

Uno de los campos de interés en el estudio de la microbiología periodontal para muchos investigadores ha sido identificar si es posible que los microorganismos responsables del origen y progresión de la enfermedad periodontal que habitan sobre el margen gingival (supragingival) y bajo este (subgingival) tengan una relación directa que permita mantener interacciones influyentes en el crecimiento y desarrollo de las diferentes especies bacterianas que habitan en los tejidos periodontales. Por lo tanto, al remover los microorganismos que se ubican supragingivalmente sería posible encontrar cambios en el medio subgingival al no existir un intercambio entre los ambientes aerobios (supragingival) y anaerobios (subgingival) una vez desorganizada la placa bacteriana supragingival. Para demostrar esta relación se seleccionaron 7 individuos con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica moderada y severa a los cuales se les realizó un destartraje supragingival de boca completa para lograr desorganizar la placa bacteriana supragingival. A su vez se tomaron muestras microbiológicas de los sacos periodontales más profundos de cada cuadrante de estos individuos, siendo la primera muestra tomada previo al destartraje supragingival considerada como muestra basal (día 0), luego se tomaron a las 24 horas, a los 7 y 21 días de removida la placa bacteriana supragingival. De los resultados del presente estudio pudimos concluir que al desorganizar el biofilm supragingival se observa una disminución en la cantidad total de microorganismos subgingivales, así como también disminuye de manera considerable la proporción de Porphyoromona gingivalis presente en el medio subgingival. Lo cual permitiría establecer la existencia de una relación directa y dependiente entre los microorganismos que habitan el medio supragingival y subgingival.

One of the fields of interest in the study of the microbiology periodontal for many investigators has been to identify if it is possible that the microorganisms responsible for the origin and progression of the disease periodontal that live on the margin gingival (supragingival) and under this (subgingival) they have a direct relation that allows to support influential interactions in the growth and development of the different bacterial species that they live in the tissue periodontal.Therefore having removed the microorganisms that are located supragingivalmente would be possible to find changes in the way subgingival when an exchange not to exist between the aerobic environments (supragingival) and anaerobic (subgingival) once disorganized the bacterial plate supragingival. To demonstrate this relation 7 individuals selected with diagnosis of periodontitis chronicle moderate and severe to which they there was realized a destartraje supragingival of complete mouth to achieve supragingival to disorganize the bacterial plate. In turn microbiological samples of the sacks took periodontales deeper of every quadrant of these individuals, being the first taken sample before the destartraje supragingival considered as sample basal (the 0th), then they took at to 1, 7 and 21 days of removed the bacterial plate supragingival anaerobios (subgingival) once disorganized the bacterial plate supragingival Of the results of the present study we could conclude that on having disorganized the biofilm supragingival a decrease is observed in the total quantity of microorganisms subgingivales, as well as also it diminishes in a considerable way the proportion of present Porphyoromona gingivalis in the way subgingival. Which would lead to thinking that there exists a direct and dependent relation between the microorganisms that live the way supragingival and subgingival.

Efeito do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em pacientes com periodontite crônica e agressiva: achados microbiológicos e imunológicos / Effect of non surgical periodontal treatment in chronic and aggressive subjects: microbiological and immunological findings

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a expressão de IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, interferon-γ, atividade de elastase e a composição do perfil microbiano subgengival antes e depois do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico em pacientes com doença peridontal crônica generalizada (PC) e agressiva generalizada (PA). Vinte pacientes com PC e quatorze com PA foram avaliados. Dados clínicos, fluido gengival e biofilme subgengival foram analisados na visita inicial (VI) e 3 meses (3M) após o tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico. Amostras de fluido gengival (FG) foram coletadas com tiras de papel e os níveis de: IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8 e INF-γ foram medidos, utilizando um tipo de imunoensaio multiplexado (Luminex). Atividade da elastase foi avaliada por um ensaio enzimático. Amostras de placa subgengival foram analisadas através do checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Na avaliação de 3 meses após terapia periodontal foi encontrado melhora significativa para todos os parâmetros clínicos em ambos os grupos. Foram encontradas reduções significativas na atividade de elastase nos sítios rasos e profundos dos pacientes do grupo PA e nos sítios profundos do grupo PC, também foi achado um aumento significativo de INF-γ nos sítios rasos do grupo PA. Os dados microbiológicos, mostraram reduções significativas para os níveis dos membros do complexo vermelho (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T.denticola), e para as espécies E.nodatum e P.micra no grupo PC. No grupo PA, ocorreram reduções significativas no níveis de P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss polymorphum e Fusobacterium periodonticum. Quando as respostas clínica e imunológica 3M após terapia foram comparadas entre os grupos, apenas diferenças sutis foram observadas. Nenhuma diferença microbiológica foi encontrada entre os grupos após a terapia. Em conclusão, os achados suportam nossa hipótese de que as periodontites cronica e agressiva respondem de forma semelhante ao tratamento periodontal nao cirúrgico.

Our aim was to compare the expression of IL1β, IL-4, IL-8, INF-γ, elastase activity and the composition of the subgingival microbiota profile before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment in patients with untreated generalized chronic (GCP) and aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). Twenty patients with GCP and 14 with GAgP were evaluated. Clinical data, GCF and plaque were analyzed at baseline and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8 and INFγ were analyzed in a luminex assay. Elastase activity was assessed by an enzymatic assay. Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Three months after periodontal therapy significant improvement for all clinical parameters in both groups were found. We have found significant reductions in the elastase activity in shallow and deep sites from GAgP and in deep sites from GCP group. A significant increase in INF-γ in the shallow sites from GAgP group were also found. Microbiological data showed significant reductions in the levels of members of the red complex (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola), and for the species E.nodatum and P.micra on GCP group. In the GAgP group, there were significant reductions in levels of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Fusobacterium polymorphum ss periodonticum. When the clinical and immunological responses after therapy were compared between groups, only slight differences were found. No microbiological difference was found between groups after therapy. In conclusion, the findings support our hypothesis that the chronic and aggressive periodontitis respond equally well to non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid from patients with chronic periodontitis

The objectives of this study were to determine arginine and glutamate levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adult chronic periodontitis patients versus periodontally healthy controls, and to compare two kinds of microdialysis probes: normal and U-shaped probes. The analysis of GCF components was developed to improve the diagnosis of periodontal disease (PD). Proteolysis in the periodontal tissues increases the concentration of amino acids (aa) in the GCF and the levels of these aa may reveal PD features and stages. GCF samples were collected by microdialysis in situ from 5 periodontally affected sites (probing depth >5 mm, clinical attachment loss >3 mm) in 14 adult chronic periodontitis patients and from 14 adult periodontally healthy controls. Capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection was used to measure concentration of arginine and glutamate in the GCF. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (?=0.05). Arginine concentration was increased (p<0.001) and glutamate concentration was decreased (p<0.001) in chronic periodontitis patients as compared to controls. There were no significant differences (p=0.069) between the normal and U-shaped probes. In conclusion, the increase of arginine and decrease of glutamate concentration in GCF were associated to the presence of periodontitis, and might be used as markers to recognize periodontally susceptible subjects as well as to evaluate the treatment course.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar os níveis de arginina e glutamato no fluido gengival crevicular (FGC) em pacientes com periodontite crônica contra controles saudáveis e comparar dois tipos de cânulas de microdiálise: normais e em forma de U. A análise dos componentes do FGC desenvolveu-se para melhorar o diagnóstico da doença periodontal (DP). A proteólise dos tecidos periodontais aumenta a concentração de aminoácidos (aa) no FGC e os níveis destes aa podem revelar as características e estágios da DP. Amostras de FGC foram obtidas pela técnica de microdiálise in situ de cinco zonas com o periodonto afetado (profundidade de sondagem >5 mm, perda da inserção clínica >3 mm) em 14 pacientes adultos com periodontite crônica e 14 controles saudáveis. Para medir a concentração de arginina e glutamato no GFC, usou-se a técnica de eletroforese capilar com detecção de fluorescência induzida por laser. Nos pacientes com periodontite crônica, a concentração de arginina aumentou significantemente (p<0.001), enquanto a de glutamato diminuiu significantemente (p<0.001) em comparação aos controles. Não houve diferenças significantes (p=0.069) entre as cânulas normais e as cânulas em forma de U. Conclui-se que o aumento da concentração de arginina e diminuição de glutamato no FGC estavam associados à presença de periodontite, e podem ser usados como marcadores para identificar pacientes suscetíveis à periodontite bem como avaliar a evolução do tratamento.

Transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children

This study evaluated the transmission of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) in women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children. Thirty women (mean age = 36.1±6.0 years) who were mothers of at least one child aged 7 to 16 years were enrolled. In order to investigate mother-child transmission of Aa, the children were also evaluated when their mothers were colonized by the bacterium. Subgingival plaque samples of each woman were collected from 3 sites (mean probing depth of 7.3±1.2 mm and mean clinical attachment level of 7.9±1.5 mm) and pooled in reduced transport fluid (RTF). These samples were processed, inoculated onto TSBV-agar selective medium and incubated at 37°C in microaerophilic atmosphere for 5 days. Aa was identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase and oxidase reactions. Aa was found in 8 out of 30 women. Therefore, 8 children from these women (mean age= 12 ± 3.7 years) were evaluated, but Aa was found only in 2 of them. Aa strains of the two mother-child pairs were evaluated by arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR), although it was not found similarity between the amplitypes of each pair. No Aa transmission was found between Brazilian women with severe chronic periodontitis and their children.

Este estudo avaliou a transmissão de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) entre mulheres com periodontite crônica severa e seus filhos. A amostra constituiu-se de 30 mulheres com idade média de 36,1 ± 6,0 anos, mães de filhos com idade entre 7 e 16 anos. Apenas crianças cujas mães haviam sido colonizadas por Aa foram incluídas. Amostras de placa dentária subgengival foram colhidas de três sítios com profundidade de sonagem média de 7,3 ± 1,2 mm e perda de inserção clínica média de 7,9 ±1,5 mm e agrupadas em fluido de transporte reduzido (RTF). Estas amostras foram processadas e semeadas em meio seletivo ágar TSBV e incubados a 37ºC em atmosfera de microaerofilia por 5 dias. Aa foi identificado baseado na morfologia colonial, coloração de Gram e testes da catalase e oxidase. Aa foi detectado em 8 das 30 mulheres . Assim, 8 filhos destas mulheres, com idade média de 12 ± 3,7 anos foram investigados, mas Aa foi detectado em apenas 2 deles. Cepas de Aa dos 2 pares de mães e filhos foram submetidos a análise pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase usando primers arbitrários (AP-PCR), mas os amplitipos de cada par não demonstraram similaridade. Portanto, não foi encontrada transmissão de Aa entre mulheres brasileiras com periodontite crônica severa e seus filhos.